The Division of Life Sciences and Medicine in the University of Science and Technology of China (USTC) stemmed from the Department of Biophysics established at the USTC founding in 1958, which later expanded to become the School of Life Sciences in 1998. On December 23, 2017, the Division of Life Sciences and Medicine was formally established that includes USTC's School of Life Sciences and several other components for medical education, research and service. The previously known Anhui Provincial Hospital with more than 5000 beds became an important part of the Division of Life Sciences and Medicine and was officially named "The First Affiliated Hospital of the University of Science and Technology of China (Anhui Provincial Hospital)". The Division of Life Sciences and Medicine also comprises four schools, namely, Life Sciences, Basic Medical Sciences, Clinical Medicine and Biomedical Engineering.

The Division of Life Sciences and Medicine of USTC has become an important base for innovative research and education in the field of life sciences, medicine and health. USTC's Life Sciences were consistently ranked at the top in China and renowned in the world.  In 2017, USTC "Biomedical Sciences" was selected in China's national "dual first class" elite list, and its "Biology" discipline was awarded Class A in the fourth round of national first-level discipline evaluation (tied in the fourth place in China). In 2019, USTC was authorized by the Chinese government to set up a specialty of clinical medicine at college level. In 2020, it was approved as a first-level discipline of clinical medicine. The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC (Anhui Provincial Hospital) was selected as one of the national clinical teaching and training demonstration centers in the first seltection round.